By Suleiman Abubakar Rimi Uku, Lafia
📧 abubakarlawal6767@gmail.com
Editor’s Note:
As Nigeria celebrates 65 years of independence, this special feature takes readers through the country’s complex political evolution — from the struggles of colonial rule to the turbulence of military regimes and the endurance of modern democracy. It explores how Nigeria’s promise of greatness continues to inspire her people, even amid persistent challenges.
On October 1, 1960, Nigeria proudly hoisted its green-white-green flag, marking the end of colonial domination and the birth of Africa’s most populous black nation. Sixty-five years later, the question still lingers: Has the dream of independence been fulfilled?
The story of Nigeria is one of resilience — a tale of triumph and tragedy, unity and division, potential and paradox. As citizens reflect on this milestone, they are reminded that true independence goes beyond self-rule; it requires justice, visionary leadership, and shared prosperity.
The Colonial Foundation (1861–1960)
Nigeria’s colonial history began when Lagos was annexed by the British in 1861. By 1914, the British Governor-General, Lord Frederick Lugard, amalgamated the Northern and Southern Protectorates into one entity — Nigeria.
This union, forged for administrative convenience, brought together over 250 ethnic groups with different religions, cultures, and aspirations. Yet, it laid the groundwork for what would later become Africa’s most diverse and dynamic nation.
The rise of educated elites and political movements in the mid-20th century — led by Herbert Macaulay, Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, Chief Obafemi Awolowo, and Sir Ahmadu Bello — intensified the demand for self-governance. Through a series of constitutional reforms, Nigeria gradually transitioned toward independence.
Finally, on October 1, 1960, freedom was achieved, with Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa as Prime Minister and Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe as Governor-General.
The Birth of a Nation (1960–1966)
Independence ushered in joy and hope. Nigeria became a federation with a parliamentary system, guided by optimism and unity. However, political rivalry soon set in.
Regional and ethnic tensions, election disputes, and corruption weakened the young democracy. By January 1966, the military seized power in Nigeria’s first coup, cutting short the First Republic.
“The flag of freedom was raised in 1960, but the true independence of Nigeria lies in justice, unity, and leadership integrity.”
— Suleiman Abubakar Rimi Uku
Military Rule and Civil War (1966–1979)
The 1966 coup, led by Major Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu, brought bloodshed and the end of civilian rule. A counter-coup soon followed, installing Lt. Colonel Yakubu Gowon as Head of State.
In 1967, secessionist tensions led the Eastern Region, under Col. Odumegwu Ojukwu, to declare independence as the Republic of Biafra. The ensuing civil war (1967–1970) devastated the nation, costing over a million lives.
When the war ended, Gowon declared “No Victor, No Vanquished”, initiating national reconciliation and reconstruction.
Cycles of Coups and Civilian Experiments (1979–1999)
After 13 years of military rule, Nigeria returned to civilian government in 1979, ushering in the Second Republic under President Shehu Shagari.
However, widespread corruption and economic mismanagement led to another coup in 1983, bringing Major General Muhammadu Buhari to power. In 1985, General Ibrahim Babangida ousted Buhari, introducing economic reforms and promising a democratic transition.
The promise was shattered with the annulment of the June 12, 1993 election, widely regarded as Nigeria’s freest and fairest.
The event plunged the nation into turmoil until General Sani Abacha seized power, ruling with an iron fist until his death in 1998.
His successor, General Abdulsalami Abubakar, initiated a swift return to democracy, culminating in elections in 1999.
The Fourth Republic: Renewed Hope (1999–Present)
Democracy was restored in 1999, marking the dawn of the Fourth Republic. Chief Olusegun Obasanjo, elected under the PDP, ushered in reforms in governance, economy, and international relations.
Since then, Nigeria has seen transitions among civilian presidents:
- Olusegun Obasanjo (1999–2007) – Economic revival and debt relief.
- Umaru Musa Yar’Adua (2007–2010) – Advocated the 7-Point Agenda and rule of law.
- Goodluck Jonathan (2010–2015) – Focused on infrastructure, education, and electoral reform.
- Muhammadu Buhari (2015–2023) – Strengthened anti-corruption drive and infrastructure development.
- Bola Ahmed Tinubu (2023–present) – Embarked on economic stabilization through subsidy removal and foreign exchange reforms.
“Nigeria’s democracy has endured for 26 years — the longest in her history. What remains is to make it work for the people.”
— Special Feature Commentary
Nigeria at 65: The Unfinished Journey
Nigeria at 65 stands as a paradox — rich in resources but struggling with poverty; abundant in talent but constrained by weak institutions.
The independence promise of prosperity for all remains elusive for many.
Yet, hope endures. Across the nation, citizens continue to innovate, rebuild, and believe. From small business owners in Aba to tech entrepreneurs in Lagos, the Nigerian spirit remains vibrant.
The next chapter of Nigeria’s story depends on leadership that is accountable, visionary, and people-centered — leadership that can finally bridge the gap between independence and development.
Key Milestones in Nigeria’s Journey
| Year | Event |
|---|---|
| 1861 | British annex Lagos Colony |
| 1914 | Amalgamation of Northern and Southern Protectorates |
| 1946–1954 | Series of constitutions advance self-rule |
| 1960 | Independence achieved on October 1 |
| 1963 | Nigeria becomes a Republic; Azikiwe becomes first President |
| 1967–1970 | Nigerian Civil War |
| 1979 | Second Republic under Shehu Shagari |
| 1983–1998 | Era of successive military regimes |
| 1999 | Democracy restored; Obasanjo elected President |
| 2023 | Bola Ahmed Tinubu becomes President |
Conclusion
At 65, Nigeria’s story is one of endurance and possibility. The nation has weathered colonialism, civil war, dictatorship, and economic turbulence — yet remains a beacon of resilience in Africa.
“The story of Nigeria is still being written — by the courage of her citizens and the conscience of her leaders.”
